In a recent notice dated September 21, 2026, CDSCO stated that painkillers like NSAIDs and antibiotics are regulated by strict laws and require a doctor’s prescription. These medicines cannot be sold over the counter without a valid prescription.

The regulator emphasized that people should not self-medicate with antibiotics for viral infections or other conditions where these drugs are not effective. Antibiotics should only be taken as prescribed by a healthcare professional, and leftover medications should not be reused.

Individuals with existing kidney problems or other risks factors for kidney damage were advised to consult their doctor before taking painkillers. The public was also urged to seek medical help if symptoms like pain or fever persist instead of relying on self-medication.

Doctors were instructed to carefully assess a patient’s health, including age and other medical conditions, before prescribing these drugs. They should only prescribe the lowest necessary dose for the shortest time needed, especially for patients at higher risk of kidney issues.

Pharmacists and retailers were reminded to follow legal requirements and avoid selling these regulated medicines without a prescription. Hospitals and healthcare facilities were asked to improve systems for proper drug use and patient education.

State authorities were also tasked with spreading awareness about the risks of misusing these medications and ensuring compliance with regulations.

Prolactin is produced by the pituitary gland. Its main role is to support breast milk production during pregnancy and breastfeeding. However, prolactin levels that remain unusually high outside these periods can affect the reproductive system. This condition is known as hyperprolactinaemia.

High prolactin levels may cause irregular or absent periods and can make it difficult to become pregnant. Some women may also experience unexpected milk-like discharge from the breasts. However, high prolactin does not always cause noticeable symptoms.

Prolactin is connected to the wider hormonal system that controls reproduction. When prolactin levels are too high, they can interfere with the hormones responsible for ovulation. This may result in irregular or absent ovulation, reducing the chances of conception.

There is also some evidence linking high prolactin with recurrent pregnancy loss in certain women. A 2025 guideline published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada noted that elevated prolactin may be associated with problems affecting the early stages of pregnancy. The guideline suggests considering prolactin testing in women with recurrent pregnancy loss when they also have irregular menstrual cycles or unexpected breast discharge.

However, high prolactin is only one possible factor behind infertility or repeated pregnancy loss. Other causes can include chromosomal problems in embryos, abnormalities of the uterus, thyroid disorders and antiphospholipid syndrome. Doctors may therefore need to carry out a broader evaluation rather than focusing on prolactin alone.

Thyroid health is particularly important because hypothyroidism can also increase prolactin levels. In women with PMOS, previously known as PCOS, mildly elevated prolactin may sometimes occur along with other hormonal changes. Studies have reported that elevated prolactin is found in some women with PMOS, although the reported percentage can vary between different studies and populations.

Several conditions and factors can cause high prolactin. These include pituitary tumours, hypothyroidism, certain medicines, stress and intense physical exercise. Because temporary factors can affect prolactin levels, testing is generally done under appropriate and standard conditions. If an abnormal result is found, doctors may recommend repeat testing or additional investigations.

When hyperprolactinaemia is confirmed, treatment depends on the underlying cause. Medicines known as dopamine agonists, including cabergoline and bromocriptine, are commonly used in appropriate cases to lower prolactin levels. Treating the underlying problem can help restore normal reproductive function and may improve the chances of pregnancy.

For women experiencing infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss, prolactin testing may be useful when symptoms or medical history suggest a possible hormonal problem. However, test results should always be interpreted by a healthcare professional alongside thyroid function, ovulation, ovarian health and other reproductive factors.

High prolactin can affect fertility, but it is not the only possible explanation for difficulty conceiving or pregnancy loss. A complete medical evaluation is important to identify the underlying cause and choose appropriate treatment.

Under the proposed Front-of-Pack Warning Labels (FoPL) system, warning labels would initially be placed on products that contain high levels of two or more nutrients of concern. The system could later be expanded to products that are high in even one such nutrient.

The FSSAI has suggested this phased approach to give both consumers and the food industry time to adjust. However, the Supreme Court questioned the absence of a definite timeline for the second phase. The bench said that without a clear schedule, the expansion of the warning-label system could be delayed indefinitely.

The bench, headed by Justices J.B. Pardiwala and K. Vinod Chandran, also asked the regulator to consider another approach. Instead of focusing only on the number of nutrients, the system could begin with products containing the highest levels of harmful nutrients and gradually include products with lower levels.

The court also stressed the importance of nutritional education for children. It suggested that schools should teach students how to understand food labels and make healthier choices. Such education could help children develop better eating habits from an early age.

The observations were made during the hearing of a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) filed by the non-profit organisations 3S and Our Health Society. The petition seeks mandatory warning labels on packaged foods that contain high levels of sugar, salt, and saturated fats.

The petitioners argued that limiting warning labels only to foods containing two or more nutrients of concern does not have a strong scientific basis. They said this approach could allow several unhealthy products containing high levels of only one nutrient to escape warning labels.

The Supreme Court also raised concerns about applying the same standards to ultra-processed foods and minimally processed foods. The two categories can have very different nutritional qualities. The court therefore asked the FSSAI to consider whether different thresholds should be created depending on how much a food product has been processed.

The design of the warning labels was another issue discussed by the bench. The proposed labels include red hexagons containing messages such as “HIGH FAT” or “HIGH SUGAR.” The court questioned whether words alone would be easy for every consumer to understand. It suggested that pictures or symbols could be used along with words to make the warnings clearer and more accessible.

The court also raised another concern about food reformulation. If manufacturers reduce sugar, salt, or fat in packaged foods, they could potentially increase the use of artificial preservatives or other additives. The bench asked the FSSAI to consider this possibility when deciding limits for nutrients and additives.

The Supreme Court has directed the FSSAI to submit a detailed response within 10 days. The matter will be heard again on September 28.

Earlier, the government had indicated that it was open to making warning labels mandatory for products that are high in even one nutrient of concern. This would represent a wider approach than the original proposal, which focused on products containing high levels of two or more nutrients.

The Supreme Court has previously emphasized that food safety standards must be taken seriously, particularly when children’s health is involved. The latest proceedings again highlight the need for clear food-labeling rules that help consumers understand what they are buying and make informed choices.

However, this growth in awareness comes with challenges. New guidelines from the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) aim to help consumers navigate food labels, but social media continues to spread trends and advice that often pass as expert knowledge. Protein has recently become a major focus of these discussions.

A recent report highlights concerns about how protein is discussed in India. Many people now fixate on the exact grams of protein consumed each day, labeling proteins as “complete” or “incomplete.” While tracking protein can be helpful, it doesn’t necessarily determine if someone’s diet is balanced overall.

The report challenges the long-held belief that animal proteins are “complete” while plant proteins are not. Plant-based foods contain all essential amino acids, though in varying amounts. As long as a varied diet with enough calories is followed, the body can get what it needs naturally without strict meal planning.

Social media has amplified this protein obsession, promoting everything from fish and chicken to protein shakes and even “Profee” (protein and coffee). This trend creates unnecessary anxiety about whether people are getting enough protein. Influencers and gym trainers often share advice without proper qualifications or evidence.

Experts warn that relying on social media for nutrition guidance can be dangerous. For example, a patient undergoing dialysis followed online advice to eat high-protein foods but ignored the need for appropriate sources, leading to health risks.

Another factor driving the focus on protein is the use of GLP-1 medications for weight loss, which require careful monitoring to avoid muscle loss. Protein also helps with satiety, making it a key consideration during rapid weight loss.

The report emphasizes that protein should be viewed within the context of an overall diet rather than just in grams or marketing claims. The Indian Council for Medical Research recommends about 0.83 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily, which is around 50 grams for a 60 kg adult. Some groups, like athletes or those recovering from illness, may need more.

Health professionals suggest balancing meals with small amounts of protein, fiber, and carbohydrates rather than focusing on high-protein intake. Plant-based options like beans, lentils, nuts, seeds, and whole grains provide ample protein along with other nutrients.

While protein supplements might have a role for specific groups, they are not necessary for most healthy individuals. Experts stress the importance of relying on whole foods and avoiding excessive reliance on processed or packaged items.

Ultimately, nutrition is complex and best managed through balanced, varied diets tailored to individual needs rather than following trends promoted by social media.

The WHO has also warned that people who do not smoke but are regularly exposed to second-hand smoke may also face fertility-related risks.

The findings highlight the importance of quitting tobacco, especially for people who are planning to have children.

Higher Risk of Infertility Among Smokers

Infertility is a global health concern. The WHO estimates that about one in six people of reproductive age experience infertility at some point in their lives.

Infertility is generally defined as being unable to achieve pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual activity.

Research cited by the WHO shows that women who smoke have a significantly higher risk of infertility compared with women who do not smoke.

The report says women who continue smoking can face a higher risk of difficulty becoming pregnant. However, quitting smoking can reduce this risk. Women who quit have been found to have about a 25% lower risk of infertility compared with those who continue to smoke.

Smoking Can Affect Women’s Reproductive Health

Smoking can affect several parts of the reproductive system. Tobacco chemicals can interfere with normal reproductive functions and may make it harder for some women to become pregnant.

Smoking is also linked to lower success rates in some fertility treatments. This is particularly important for couples who need medical assistance to have a child.

For women who are planning pregnancy, quitting smoking can therefore be an important step toward improving their overall reproductive health.

Men Also Face Serious Risks

The WHO report stresses that infertility should not be considered only a women’s health problem.

Smoking can also affect men’s reproductive health. Men who smoke may have a higher risk of erectile dysfunction and problems with ejaculation.

Tobacco use can also affect sperm. Studies have linked smoking with lower sperm movement, known as motility, as well as changes in sperm shape and quality.

Poor sperm quality can make it more difficult for couples to achieve pregnancy.

Second-Hand Smoke May Also Matter

The risks are not limited to people who actively smoke. The WHO has also highlighted concerns about exposure to second-hand smoke.

Second-hand smoke occurs when a person breathes in smoke released by someone else who is smoking. Regular exposure can affect health in many ways, and researchers are also studying its possible effects on fertility.

This means that maintaining a smoke-free environment can be important for couples who are planning to start a family.

Impact on Fertility Treatment

Smoking can also reduce the chances of success for people undergoing fertility treatment.

The WHO report points to evidence showing that smoking can significantly reduce the chances of successful treatment, including procedures such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF).

For couples already facing fertility problems, continuing to smoke may make treatment more difficult and reduce the chances of achieving a successful pregnancy.

This makes smoking cessation an important part of fertility care.

Cigarettes Are Not the Only Concern

The strongest scientific evidence currently focuses on traditional cigarettes. However, the WHO has also raised concerns about other tobacco and nicotine products.

Products such as e-cigarettes and waterpipes are becoming increasingly common in many parts of the world. Their effects on fertility are still being studied, and more research is needed to understand their long-term reproductive health risks.

The WHO’s message is that people should not assume that alternative tobacco products are completely safe for reproductive health.

Quitting Can Make a Difference

One of the most important messages from the report is that quitting smoking can improve health and reduce some of the risks associated with tobacco use.

For people planning to have children, stopping smoking before trying to conceive may be an important health step.

Quitting can also benefit partners who may otherwise be exposed to second-hand smoke.

Although stopping tobacco use can be difficult, healthcare professionals can provide counselling, advice and other forms of support to help people quit.

Doctors Should Discuss Smoking and Fertility

The WHO recommends that healthcare providers talk to couples about the effects of smoking when they are planning a pregnancy.

Doctors and other healthcare workers can explain how tobacco may affect fertility in both men and women. They can also help smokers create a plan to quit.

The WHO says advice about stopping tobacco use should be available across different healthcare settings, rather than only in specialised fertility clinics.

A Wider Public Health Concern

Infertility can cause emotional, social and financial difficulties for individuals and families. When tobacco use adds to the risk, preventing smoking may help reduce some avoidable fertility problems.

The WHO report therefore highlights tobacco control as an important part of reproductive healthcare.

For couples hoping to have children, understanding the risks of smoking and getting support to quit can be an important step toward protecting their reproductive health.

The message from health experts is clear: smoking affects much more than the lungs. It can also have serious effects on fertility, sexual health and the chances of having a healthy family.

Rabies is a deadly virus that almost always results in death once symptoms appear. Globally, it kills around 59,000 people each year, with India accounting for one-third of these cases due to poor animal control and vaccination programs.

In Bhutan, rabies remains widespread except in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep. Nearly all deaths and illnesses are linked to dog bites. The National Rabies Control Programme aims to reduce human deaths from rabies and reach a goal of zero deaths by 2030.

WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus praised Bhutan’s success, highlighting the importance of collaboration between health workers, veterinarians, and communities. He emphasized that ending rabies requires a holistic approach, as human, animal, and environmental health are interconnected.

To eliminate dog-transmitted rabies, countries must show no human deaths from the disease for at least two years and demonstrate the ability to prevent it from returning. Bhutan achieved this through a One Health strategy, which integrates human, animal, and ecosystem health.

The global strategy to combat rabies includes vaccinating dogs to reduce transmission and providing post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for bite victims. PEP involves washing the wound, receiving a full course of rabies vaccine, and, if necessary, rabies immunoglobulins.

Bhutan’s success was driven by strong collaboration between health and agriculture ministries, local governments, and communities. Key strategies included mass dog vaccination, population management, community education, and improved surveillance.

Bhutan plans to maintain these efforts through its Nationwide Accelerated Dog Population Management and Rabies Control Programme. It will also strengthen cross-border cooperation with neighboring Indian states to ensure continued success in rabies control.

Eventually, they stopped regular therapy. Over time, his father developed contractures, making simple movements difficult. Sidhartha recalls his father’s active past, working in fields and helping with chores. While alive, he couldn’t live the life he once knew.

Rehabilitation isn’t just about recovery—it’s about rebuilding a meaningful life after hospital discharge. In India, while emergency care has improved, post-hospital care like physiotherapy is neglected. Conditions like stroke, heart disease, and orthopedic injuries require such support to help patients regain mobility and independence.

India has only 0.36 physiotherapists per 10,000 people, far fewer than in Europe. The issue isn’t just the number but their accessibility—most are in cities, leaving rural areas underserved. Patients often can’t afford travel for therapy.

Solutions exist: community-based learning programs place students in rural areas to understand patient barriers. Teaching families simple exercises and using tele-rehabilitation can bridge gaps. Additionally, creating opportunities for physiotherapists to work in villages and smaller towns is crucial.

Rehabilitation should be seen as essential care, not an optional add-on. No one should lose mobility due to lack of nearby or affordable therapy.

(Shakeeb Ahmed Khan is a physiotherapist; Christianez Ratna Kiruba is a health journalist.)

In the past, fairness creams were widely advertised on television, newspapers, and billboards. Many advertisements directly suggested that lighter skin could bring confidence, success, or better opportunities. Today, such direct messages are less common, but the idea has not disappeared completely.

Instead, skincare companies often use softer words such as “brightening,” “glow,” “de-tan,” “radiance,” and “even skin tone.” These terms can sound more modern and less directly connected to skin colour. However, some consumers may still understand them as a way to make their skin appear lighter or more uniform.

The change is also visible online. Social media platforms are filled with beauty content, skincare recommendations, before-and-after pictures, and influencers promoting different treatments. This has made it easier for people to discover products and procedures that promise brighter or more even-looking skin.

Skin-lightening methods are no longer limited to creams. People may also turn to facials, chemical treatments, cosmetic procedures, and other skincare products in an attempt to change the appearance of their skin. Some treatments may carry health risks if they are used incorrectly or without proper medical guidance.

Experts and health authorities have raised concerns about the safety of some skin-lightening products and treatments. Products containing harmful or inappropriate ingredients can cause skin damage and other health problems, particularly when they are used for long periods or without professional advice.

Another challenge is that online shopping and social media can make these products easier to access. Consumers may purchase products from different sellers without knowing whether they are genuine, safe, or properly regulated.

The language around skin lightening has therefore become more complicated. A product may not openly claim to make someone “fair,” but words such as “bright,” “glowing,” or “de-tanned” can still create pressure to achieve a certain type of appearance.

This change makes it more difficult for authorities to monitor the industry and identify potentially harmful products. It also shows how older beauty standards can continue in new forms, even when the language used to promote them becomes more modern.

The growing discussion around skin colour and beauty is also encouraging people to question traditional ideas about fairness. Many campaigners and consumers are calling for greater acceptance of natural skin tones and for beauty standards that do not suggest that one skin colour is better than another.

As the beauty industry continues to change, greater awareness about product safety and realistic beauty standards remains important. Consumers should carefully check skincare products and seek professional advice before using medical or cosmetic treatments, especially those that claim to change skin colour.

The reason behind these rules became clear when scientists learned about a tiny insect’s role in spreading illness. In 1897, a British doctor named Ronald Ross studied mosquitoes under a microscope. He found that mosquitoes carried the malaria parasite, which caused the disease. This discovery changed everything because it showed how mosquitoes spread malaria from one person to another.

For centuries, people thought bad air caused malaria since it was common near marshes and stagnant water. However, the real culprit was mosquitoes breeding in these areas. Even though a French scientist had found the malaria parasite in blood in 1880, no one knew how it spread until Ross’s work.

Ross proved that mosquitoes were the key to spreading malaria by allowing them to feed on infected patients and then examining their bodies under a microscope. His research showed that the parasite developed inside the mosquito before being passed to another person through its bite. This led to new ways of fighting malaria, like using nets, improving sanitation, and draining standing water where mosquitoes breed.

Mosquitoes are now known to spread many diseases, including dengue and Zika. Despite modern tools like insecticides, controlling mosquitoes remains challenging because they adapt to human environments. India has made progress in reducing malaria but still faces challenges with other mosquito-borne illnesses.

Today, planning rules focus on preventing mosquito breeding by ensuring proper drainage and sanitation. However, mosquitoes still find ways to breed in pools of water near buildings, leading public health officials to continue their fight against these tiny yet dangerous insects.